debugfs

Open filesystem in read-only mode

$ debugfs [/dev/sdXN]

$ debugfs -w [/dev/sdXN]

$ debugfs -f [path/to/cmd_file] [/dev/sdXN]

$ stats

$ close -a

$ lr

debugfs [options] [device]

debugfs is an interactive debugger for ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems. It allows direct manipulation of filesystem structures, which is useful for data recovery, analysis, and troubleshooting.
Can be used to recover deleted files, examine inodes, and manually fix filesystem issues.

-w

Open in read-write mode

Read commands from file

Execute single command and exit

Open filesystem as catastrophic mode (for corrupted filesystems)

stats

Show filesystem statistics

List directory

Display file contents

List deleted inodes

Dump inode to file

Requires root privileges. Use with extreme caution in write mode. Unmount filesystem before making changes. Improper use can cause data loss.

e2fsck(8), dumpe2fs(8), tune2fs(8)