ss

Show all TCP/UDP/RAW/UNIX sockets

Filter TCP sockets by states, only/exclude

Show all TCP sockets connected to the local HTTPS port (443)

Show all TCP sockets listening on the local 8080 port

Show all TCP sockets along with processes connected to a remote ssh port

Show all UDP sockets connected on specific source and destination ports

Show all TCP IPv4 sockets locally connected on the subnet 192.168.0.0/16

ss [options][ FILTER ]

ss is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat. It can display more TCP and state information than other tools.

When no option is used ss displays a list of open non-listening sockets (e.g. TCP/UNIX/UDP) that have established connection.

-h, --help Show summary of options.

-V, --version Output version information.

-H, --no-header Suppress header line.

-O, --oneline Print each socket's data on a single line.

-n, --numeric Do not try to resolve service names. Show exact bandwidth values, instead of human-readable.

-r, --resolve Try to resolve numeric address/ports.

-a, --all Display both listening and non-listening (for TCP this means established connections) sockets.

-l, --listening Display only listening sockets (these are omitted by default).

-o, --options Show timer information. For TCP protocol, the output format is:

timer:(<timer_name>,<expire_time>,<retrans>)



<timer_name> the name of the timer, there are five kind of timer names:

on : means one of these timers: TCP retrans timer, TCP early retrans timer and tail loss probe timer

keepalive: tcp keep alive timer

timewait: timewait stage timer

persist: zero window probe timer

unknown: none of the above timers

<expire_time> how long time the timer will expire



<retrans> how many times the retransmission occured

-e, --extended Show detailed socket information. The output format is:

uid:<uid_number> ino:<inode_number> sk:<cookie>



<uid_number> the user id the socket belongs to



<inode_number> the socket's inode number in VFS



<cookie> an uuid of the socket

-m, --memory Show socket memory usage. The output format is:

skmem:(r<rmem_alloc>,rb<rcv_buf>,t<wmem_alloc>,tb<snd_buf>,
f<fwd_alloc>,w<wmem_queued>,
o<opt_mem>,bl<back_log>)



<rmem_alloc> the memory allocated for receiving packet



<rcv_buf> the total memory can be allocated for receiving packet



<wmem_alloc> the memory used for sending packet (which has been sent to layer 3)



<snd_buf> the total memory can be allocated for sending packet



<fwd_alloc> the memory allocated by the socket as cache, but not used for receiving/sending packet yet. If need memory to send/receive packet, the memory in this cache will be used before allocate additional memory.



<wmem_queued> The memory allocated for sending packet (which has not been sent to layer 3)



<ropt_mem> The memory used for storing socket option, e.g., the key for TCP MD5 signature



<back_log> The memory used for the sk backlog queue. On a process context, if the process is receiving packet, and a new packet is received, it will be put into the sk backlog queue, so it can be received by the process immediately

-p, --processes Show process using socket.

-i, --info Show internal TCP information. Below fields may appear:



ts show string "ts" if the timestamp option is set



sack show string "sack" if the sack option is set



ecn show string "ecn" if the explicit congestion notification option is set



ecnseen show string "ecnseen" if the saw ecn flag is found in received packets



fastopen show string "fastopen" if the fastopen option is set



cong_alg the congestion algorithm name, the default congestion algorithm is "cubic"



wscale:<snd_wscale>:<rcv_wscale> if window scale option is used, this field shows the send scale factor and receive scale factor



rto:<icsk_rto> tcp re-transmission timeout value, the unit is millisecond



backoff:<icsk_backoff> used for exponential backoff re-transmission, the actual re-transmission timeout value is icsk_rto << icsk_backoff



rtt:<rtt>/<rttvar> rtt is the average round trip time, rttvar is the mean deviation of rtt, their units are millisecond



ato:<ato> ack timeout, unit is millisecond, used for delay ack mode



mss:<mss> max segment size



cwnd:<cwnd> congestion window size



pmtu:<pmtu> path MTU value



ssthresh:<ssthresh> tcp congestion window slow start threshold



bytes_acked:<bytes_acked> bytes acked



bytes_received:<bytes_received> bytes received



segs_out:<segs_out> segments sent out



segs_in:<segs_in> segments received



send <send_bps>bps egress bps



lastsnd:<lastsnd> how long time since the last packet sent, the unit is millisecond



lastrcv:<lastrcv> how long time since the last packet received, the unit is millisecond



lastack:<lastack> how long time since the last ack received, the unit is millisecond



pacing_rate <pacing_rate>bps/<max_pacing_rate>bps the pacing rate and max pacing rate



rcv_space:<rcv_space> a helper variable for TCP internal auto tuning socket receive buffer

--tos Show ToS and priority information. Below fields may appear:



tos IPv4 Type-of-Service byte



tclass IPv6 Traffic Class byte



class_id Class id set by net_cls cgroup. If class is zero this shows priority set by SO_PRIORITY.

-K, --kill Attempts to forcibly close sockets. This option displays sockets that are successfully closed and silently skips sockets that the kernel does not support closing. It supports IPv4 and IPv6 sockets only.

-s, --summary Print summary statistics. This option does not parse socket lists obtaining summary from various sources. It is useful when amount of sockets is so huge that parsing /proc/net/tcp is painful.

-E, --events Continually display sockets as they are destroyed

-Z, --context As the -p option but also shows process security context.

---

For netlink(7) sockets the initiating process context is displayed as follows:

"1." 4 If valid pid show the process context.

"2." 4 If destination is kernel (pid = 0) show kernel initial context.

"3." 4 If a unique identifier has been allocated by the kernel or netlink user, show context as "unavailable". This will generally indicate that a process has more than one netlink socket active.

-z, --contexts As the -Z option but also shows the socket context. The socket context is taken from the associated inode and is not the actual socket context held by the kernel. Sockets are typically labeled with the context of the creating process, however the context shown will reflect any policy role, type and/or range transition rules applied, and is therefore a useful reference.

-N NSNAME, --net=NSNAME Switch to the specified network namespace name.

-b, --bpf Show socket BPF filters (only administrators are allowed to get these information).

-4, --ipv4 Display only IP version 4 sockets (alias for -f inet).

-6, --ipv6 Display only IP version 6 sockets (alias for -f inet6).

-0, --packet Display PACKET sockets (alias for -f link).

-t, --tcp Display TCP sockets.

-u, --udp Display UDP sockets.

-d, --dccp Display DCCP sockets.

-w, --raw Display RAW sockets.

-x, --unix Display Unix domain sockets (alias for -f unix).

-S, --sctp Display SCTP sockets.

--vsock Display vsock sockets (alias for -f vsock).

--xdp Display XDP sockets (alias for -f xdp).

-f FAMILY, --family=FAMILY Display sockets of type FAMILY. Currently the following families are supported: unix, inet, inet6, link, netlink, vsock, xdp.

-A QUERY, --query=QUERY, --socket=QUERY List of socket tables to dump, separated by commas. The following identifiers are understood: all, inet, tcp, udp, raw, unix, packet, netlink, unix_dgram, unix_stream, unix_seqpacket, packet_raw, packet_dgram, dccp, sctp, vsock_stream, vsock_dgram, xdp Any item in the list may optionally be prefixed by an exclamation mark (!) to exclude that socket table from being dumped.

-D FILE, --diag=FILE Do not display anything, just dump raw information about TCP sockets to FILE after applying filters. If FILE is - stdout is used.

-F FILE, --filter=FILE Read filter information from FILE. Each line of FILE is interpreted like single command line option. If FILE is - stdin is used.

FILTER := [ state STATE-FILTER ] [ EXPRESSION ] Please take a look at the official documentation for details regarding filters.

STATE-FILTER allows to construct arbitrary set of states to match. Its syntax is sequence of keywords state and exclude followed by identifier of state.

Available identifiers are:
All standard TCP states: established,syn-sent,syn-recv,fin-wait-1,fin-wait-2,time-wait,closed,close-wait,last-ack, listeningandclosing.
all - for all the states
connected - all the states except for listeningandclosed
synchronized - all the connected states except for syn-sent
bucket - states, which are maintained as minisockets, i.e. time-waitandsyn-recv
big - opposite to bucket

ss -t -a Display all TCP sockets.

ss -t -a -Z Display all TCP sockets with process SELinux security contexts.

ss -u -a Display all UDP sockets.

ss -o state established '( dport = :ssh or sport = :ssh )' Display all established ssh connections.

ss -x src /tmp/.X11-unix/* Find all local processes connected to X server.

ss -o state fin-wait-1 '( sport = :http or sport = :https )' dst 193.233.7/24 List all the tcp sockets in state FIN-WAIT-1 for our apache to network 193.233.7/24 and look at their timers.

ss -a -A 'all,!tcp' List sockets in all states from all socket tables but TCP.

ip(8), RFC793 - https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc793.txt (TCP states)

ss was written by Alexey Kuznetsov, <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>.

This manual page was written by Michael Prokop <mika@grml.org> for the Debian project (but may be used by others).