openssl

x509, x509 -Certificate display and signing utility

TLDR

Print a list of available subcommands

$ openssl help

Print options for a specific subcommand

$ openssl help [x509]

Print the version of OpenSSL

$ openssl version

SYNOPSIS

openssl command [ command_opts ] [ command_args ]

openssl no-XXX [ arbitrary options ]

DESCRIPTION

OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) network protocols and related cryptography standards required by them.

The openssl program is a command line tool for using the various cryptography functions of OpenSSL's crypto library from the shell. It can be used for

o Creation and management of private keys, public keys and parameters o Public key cryptographic operations o Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs o Calculation of Message Digests o Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers o SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests o Handling of S/MIME signed or encrypted mail o Time Stamp requests, generation and verification

COMMAND SUMMARY

The openssl program provides a rich variety of commands (command in the SYNOPSIS above), each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments (command_opts and command_args in the SYNOPSIS).

Detailed documentation and use cases for most standard subcommands are available (e.g., x509 (1) or openssl-x509 (1)).

Many commands use an external configuration file for some or all of their arguments and have a -config option to specify that file. The environment variable OPENSSL_CONF can be used to specify the location of the file. If the environment variable is not specified, then the file is named openssl.cnf in the default certificate storage area, whose value depends on the configuration flags specified when the OpenSSL was built.

The list parameters standard-commands, digest-commands, and cipher-commands output a list (one entry per line) of the names of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands, respectively, that are available in the present openssl utility.

The list parameters cipher-algorithms and digest-algorithms list all cipher and message digest names, one entry per line. Aliases are listed as:

from => to

The list parameter public-key-algorithms lists all supported public key algorithms.

The command no-XXX tests whether a command of the specified name is available. If no command named XXX exists, it returns 0 (success) and prints no-XXX; otherwise it returns 1 and prints XXX. In both cases, the output goes to stdout and nothing is printed to stderr. Additional command line arguments are always ignored. Since for each cipher there is a command of the same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the availability of ciphers in the openssl program. (no-XXX is not able to detect pseudo-commands such as quit, list, or no-XXX itself.)

Standard Commands

asn1parse: Parse an ASN.1 sequence.
ca: Certificate Authority (CA) Management.
ciphers: Cipher Suite Description Determination.
cms: CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility.
crl: Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Management.
crl2pkcs7: CRL to PKCS#7 Conversion.
dgst: Message Digest Calculation.
dh: Diffie-Hellman Parameter Management. Obsoleted by dhparam (1).
dhparam: Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by genpkey (1) and pkeyparam (1).
dsa: DSA Data Management.
dsaparam: DSA Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by genpkey (1) and pkeyparam (1).
ec: EC (Elliptic curve) key processing.
ecparam: EC parameter manipulation and generation.
enc: Encoding with Ciphers.
engine: Engine (loadable module) information and manipulation.
errstr: Error Number to Error String Conversion.
gendh: Generation of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Obsoleted by dhparam (1).
gendsa: Generation of DSA Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by genpkey (1) and pkey (1).
genpkey: Generation of Private Key or Parameters.
genrsa: Generation of RSA Private Key. Superseded by genpkey (1).
nseq: Create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence.
ocsp: Online Certificate Status Protocol utility.
passwd: Generation of hashed passwords.
pkcs12: PKCS#12 Data Management.
pkcs7: PKCS#7 Data Management.
pkcs8: PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool.
pkey: Public and private key management.
pkeyparam: Public key algorithm parameter management.
pkeyutl: Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility.
prime: Compute prime numbers.
rand: Generate pseudo-random bytes.
rehash: Create symbolic links to certificate and CRL files named by the hash values.
req: PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) Management.
rsa: RSA key management.
rsautl: RSA utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded by pkeyutl (1).
s_client: This implements a generic SSL/TLS client which can establish a transparent connection to a remote server speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL ssl library.
s_server: This implements a generic SSL/TLS server which accepts connections from remote clients speaking SSL/TLS. It's intended for testing purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL ssl library. It provides both an own command line oriented protocol for testing SSL functions and a simple HTTP response facility to emulate an SSL/TLS-aware webserver.
s_time: SSL Connection Timer.
sess_id: SSL Session Data Management.
smime: S/MIME mail processing.
speed: Algorithm Speed Measurement.
spkac: SPKAC printing and generating utility.
srp: Maintain SRP password file.
storeutl: Utility to list and display certificates, keys, CRLs, etc.
ts: Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server).
verify: X.509 Certificate Verification.
version: OpenSSL Version Information.
x509: X.509 Certificate Data Management.

Message Digest Commands

blake2b512: BLAKE2b-512 Digest
blake2s256: BLAKE2s-256 Digest
md2: MD2 Digest
md4: MD4 Digest
md5: MD5 Digest
mdc2: MDC2 Digest
rmd160: RMD-160 Digest
sha1: SHA-1 Digest
sha224: SHA-2 224 Digest
sha256: SHA-2 256 Digest
sha384: SHA-2 384 Digest
sha512: SHA-2 512 Digest
sha3-224: SHA-3 224 Digest
sha3-256: SHA-3 256 Digest
sha3-384: SHA-3 384 Digest
sha3-512: SHA-3 512 Digest
shake128: SHA-3 SHAKE128 Digest
shake256: SHA-3 SHAKE256 Digest
sm3: SM3 Digest

Encoding and Cipher Commands

The following aliases provide convenient access to the most used encodings and ciphers.

Depending on how OpenSSL was configured and built, not all ciphers listed here may be present. See enc (1) for more information and command usage.

aes128, aes-128-cbc, aes-128-cfb, aes-128-ctr, aes-128-ecb, aes-128-ofb: AES-128 Cipher
aes192, aes-192-cbc, aes-192-cfb, aes-192-ctr, aes-192-ecb, aes-192-ofb: AES-192 Cipher
aes256, aes-256-cbc, aes-256-cfb, aes-256-ctr, aes-256-ecb, aes-256-ofb: AES-256 Cipher
aria128, aria-128-cbc, aria-128-cfb, aria-128-ctr, aria-128-ecb, aria-128-ofb: Aria-128 Cipher
aria192, aria-192-cbc, aria-192-cfb, aria-192-ctr, aria-192-ecb, aria-192-ofb: Aria-192 Cipher
aria256, aria-256-cbc, aria-256-cfb, aria-256-ctr, aria-256-ecb, aria-256-ofb: Aria-256 Cipher
base64: Base64 Encoding
bf, bf-cbc, bf-cfb, bf-ecb, bf-ofb: Blowfish Cipher
camellia128, camellia-128-cbc, camellia-128-cfb, camellia-128-ctr, camellia-128-ecb, camellia-128-ofb: Camellia-128 Cipher
camellia192, camellia-192-cbc, camellia-192-cfb, camellia-192-ctr, camellia-192-ecb, camellia-192-ofb: Camellia-192 Cipher
camellia256, camellia-256-cbc, camellia-256-cfb, camellia-256-ctr, camellia-256-ecb, camellia-256-ofb: Camellia-256 Cipher
cast, cast-cbc: CAST Cipher
cast5-cbc, cast5-cfb, cast5-ecb, cast5-ofb: CAST5 Cipher
chacha20: Chacha20 Cipher
des, des-cbc, des-cfb, des-ecb, des-ede, des-ede-cbc, des-ede-cfb, des-ede-ofb, des-ofb: DES Cipher
des3, desx, des-ede3, des-ede3-cbc, des-ede3-cfb, des-ede3-ofb: Triple-DES Cipher
idea, idea-cbc, idea-cfb, idea-ecb, idea-ofb: IDEA Cipher
rc2, rc2-cbc, rc2-cfb, rc2-ecb, rc2-ofb: RC2 Cipher
rc4: RC4 Cipher
rc5, rc5-cbc, rc5-cfb, rc5-ecb, rc5-ofb: RC5 Cipher
seed, seed-cbc, seed-cfb, seed-ecb, seed-ofb: SEED Cipher
sm4, sm4-cbc, sm4-cfb, sm4-ctr, sm4-ecb, sm4-ofb: SM4 Cipher

OPTIONS

Details of which options are available depend on the specific command. This section describes some common options with common behavior.

Common Options

-help: Provides a terse summary of all options.

Pass Phrase Options

Several commands accept password arguments, typically using -passin and -passout for input and output passwords respectively. These allow the password to be obtained from a variety of sources. Both of these options take a single argument whose format is described below. If no password argument is given and a password is required then the user is prompted to enter one: this will typically be read from the current terminal with echoing turned off.

Note that character encoding may be relevant, please see passphrase-encoding (7).

pass:password: The actual password is password. Since the password is visible to utilities (like 'ps' under Unix) this form should only be used where security is not important.
env:var: Obtain the password from the environment variable var. Since the environment of other processes is visible on certain platforms (e.g. ps under certain Unix OSes) this option should be used with caution.
file:pathname: The first line of pathname is the password. If the same pathname argument is supplied to -passin and -passout arguments then the first line will be used for the input password and the next line for the output password. pathname need not refer to a regular file: it could for example refer to a device or named pipe.
fd:number: Read the password from the file descriptor number. This can be used to send the data via a pipe for example.
stdin: Read the password from standard input.

HISTORY

The list-XXX-algorithms pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0; For notes on the availability of other commands, see their individual manual pages.

COPYRIGHT

Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the License). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.