od

TLDR

Dump file in octal

$ od [file]

Dump in hexadecimal

$ od -x [file]

Dump as ASCII

$ od -c [file]

Dump with addresses

$ od -A x -t x1 [file]

Skip bytes from start

$ od -j [bytes] [file]

Limit output length

$ od -N [bytes] [file]

SYNOPSIS

od [options] [file...]

DESCRIPTION

od dumps files in various formats. Shows octal, hex, or ASCII.
The tool displays file contents byte-by-byte. Useful for binary analysis.
od displays file contents.

PARAMETERS

FILE

File(s) to dump.

-A RADIX

Address radix (d, o, x, n).

-t TYPE

Output type (c, d, o, x).

-x

Hexadecimal output.

-c

ASCII character output.

-j BYTES

Skip bytes at start.

-N BYTES

Limit output bytes.

--help

Display help information.

CAVEATS

Default is octal. Use -x for hex. Part of coreutils.

HISTORY

od (octal dump) originated in early Unix for viewing file contents in octal.

od