dcfldd

Copy a disk to a raw image file and hash the image using SHA256

$ dcfldd if=/dev/[disk_device] of=[file.img] hash=sha256 hashlog=[file.hash]

Copy a disk to a raw image file, hashing each 1 GB chunk

$ dcfldd if=/dev/[disk_device] of=[file.img] hash=[sha512|sha384|sha256|sha1|md5] hashlog=[file.hash] hashwindow=[1G]

dcfldd [OPTION]...

Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the options.

dcfldd was initially developed at Department of Defense Computer Forensics Lab (DCFL). This tool is based on the dd program with the following additional features:

• Hashing on-the-fly: dcfldd can hash the input data as it is being transferred, helping to ensure data integrity.

• Status output: dcfldd can update the user of its progress in terms of the amount of data transferred and how much longer operation will take.

• Flexible disk wipes: dcfldd can be used to wipe disks quickly and with a known pattern if desired.

• Image/wipe verify: dcfldd can verify that a target drive is a bit-for-bit match of the specified input file or pattern.

• Multiple outputs: dcfldd can output to multiple files or disks at the same time.

• Split output: dcfldd can split output to multiple files with more configurability than the split command.

• Piped output and logs: dcfldd can send all its log data and output to commands as well as files natively.

• When dd uses a default block size (bs, ibs, obs) of 512 bytes, dcfldd uses 32768 bytes (32 KiB) which is HUGELY more efficient.

• The following options are present in dcfldd but not in dd: ALGORITHMlog:, errlog, hash, hashconv, hashformat, hashlog, hashlog:, hashwindow, limit, of:, pattern, sizeprobe, split, splitformat, statusinterval, textpattern, totalhashformat, verifylog, verifylog:, vf.

dcfldd supports the following letters to specify amount of data: k for kilo, M for Mega, G for Giga, T for Tera, P for Peta, E for Exa, Z for Zetta and Y for Yotta. E.g. 10M is equal to 10 MiB. See the BLOCKS AND BYTES section to get other possibilities.

bs=BYTES

Force ibs=BYTES and obs=BYTES. Default value is 32768 (32KiB). See BLOCKS AND BYTES section. Warning: the block size will be created in RAM. Make sure you have sufficient amount of free memory.

cbs=BYTES

Convert BYTES bytes at a time. (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section)

conv=KEYWORDS

Convert the file as per the comma separated keyword list.

count=BLOCKS

Copy only BLOCKS input blocks. (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section)

limit=BYTES

Similar to count but using BYTES instead of BLOCKS. (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section)

ibs=BYTES

Read BYTES bytes at a time. (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section)

if=FILE

Read from FILE instead of stdin. (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section)

obs=BYTES

Write BYTES bytes at a time. (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section)

of=FILE

Write to FILE instead of stdout. NOTE: of=FILE may be used several times to write output to multiple files simultaneously.

of:=COMMAND

Exec and write output to process COMMAND.

seek=BLOCKS

Skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output. (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section)

skip=BLOCKS

Skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input. (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section)

pattern=HEX

Use the specified binary pattern as input. You can use a byte only.

textpattern=TEXT

Use repeating TEXT as input. You can use a character only.

errlog=FILE

Send error messages to FILE as well as stderr.

hash=NAME

Do hash calculation in parallel with the disk reading. Either md5, sha1, sha256, sha384 or sha512 can be used. Default algorithm is md5. To select multiple algorithms to run simultaneously enter the names in a comma separated list.

hashlog=FILE

Send hash output to FILE instead of stderr. If you are using multiple hash algorithms you can send each to a separate file using the convention ALGORITHMlog=FILE, for example md5log=FILE1, sha1log=FILE2, etc.

hashwindow=BYTES

Perform a hash on every BYTES amount of data. The partial results will be shown in screen. The default hash is md5 but you can use hash= option to choose other.

hashlog:=COMMAND

Exec and write hashlog to process COMMAND.

ALGORITHMlog:=COMMAND

Also works in the same fashion of hashlog:=COMMAND.

hashconv=[before|after]

Perform the hashing before or after the conversions.

hashformat=FORMAT

Display each hashwindow according to FORMAT the hash format mini-language is described below.

totalhashformat=FORMAT

Display the total hash value according to FORMAT the hash format mini-language is described below.

status=[on|off]

Display a continual status message on stderr. Default state is "on".

statusinterval=N

Update the status message every N blocks. Default value is 256.

sizeprobe=[if|of|BYTES]

Determine the size of the input or output file or an amount of BYTES for use with status messages. This option gives you a percentage indicator around the sizeprobe value. WARNING: do not use this option against a tape device. (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section)

split=BYTES

Write every BYTES amount of data to a new file. This operation applies to any of=FILE that follows (split= must be put before of=). (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section)

splitformat=[TEXT|MAC|WIN]

The file extension format for split operation. You may use "a" for letters and "n" for numbers. If you use annn, an extension started as a000 will be appended; the last possible extension for this format will be z999. splitformat=an will provide a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9, b0, b1, b2, b3... If nothing is specified the default format is "nnn". NOTE: the split and splitformat options take effect only for output files (option of=) specified AFTER these options appear in the command line (e.g. split=50M splitformat=annn of=/tmp/test.iso). Likewise, you may specify it several times for different output files within the same command line. You may use as many digits in any combination you would like. E.g. "anaannnaana" would be valid, but a quite insane (see BLOCKS AND BYTES section). Other possible approach is MAC. If "MAC" is used, a suffix dmg and several dmgpart will be appended. In other words, it will generate a partial disk image file, used by the Mac OS X operating system. dmgpart files are usually provided with a corresponding dmg file, which is the master file for the split archive. If dmg is opened in Mac OS X, all dmgpart will be read too. The last option is WIN, which will automatically output file naming of foo.001, foo.002, ..., foo.999, foo.1000, ....

vf=FILE

Verify that FILE matches the specified input.

verifylog=FILE

Send verify results to FILE instead of stderr.

verifylog:=COMMAND

Exec and write verify results to process COMMAND.

--help

Display a help page and exit.

--version

Output version information and exit.

BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: xM M, c 1, w 2, b 512, kD 1000, k 1024, MD 1,000,000, M 1,048,576, GD 1,000,000,000, G 1,073,741,824, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.

Each KEYWORD may be:

ascii

From EBCDIC to ASCII.

ebcdic

From ASCII to EBCDIC.

ibm

From ASCII to alternated EBCDIC.

block

Pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size.

unblock

Replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline.

lcase

Change upper case to lower case.

notrunc

Do not truncate the output file.

ucase

Change lower case to upper case.

swab

Swap every pair of input bytes.

noerror

Continue after read errors.

sync

Pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size. When used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs.

The structure of FORMAT may contain any valid text and special variables. The built-in variables are the following format: #variable_name#. To pass FORMAT strings to the program from a command line, it may be

necessary to surround your FORMAT strings with "quotes."

The built-in variables are listed below:

window_start

The beginning byte offset of the hashwindow.

window_end

The ending byte offset of the hashwindow.

block_start

The beginning block (by input blocksize) of the window.

block_end

The ending block (by input blocksize) of the hash window.

hash

The hash value.

algorithm

The name of the hash algorithm.

For example, the default FORMAT for hashformat and totalhashformat are:

    hashformat="#window_start# - #window_end#: #hash#" totalhashformat="Total (#algorithm#): #hash#"

The FORMAT structure accepts the following escape codes:

\n

Newline

\t

Tab

\r

Carriage return

\

Insert the '\' character

##

Insert the '#' character as text, not a variable

Each following line will create a 100 MiB file containing zeros:

    $ dcfldd if=/dev/zero of=test bs=1M count=100
    $ dcfldd if=/dev/zero of=test bs=100M count=1
    $ dcfldd if=/dev/zero of=test bs=50M count=2
    $ dcfldd if=/dev/zero of=test limit=100M

To create a copy (forensics image) from a disk called /dev/sdb inside a file, using input/output blocks of 4096 bytes (4 KiB) instead of 32 KiB (default):

    $ dcfldd if=/dev/sdb bs=4096 of=sdb.img

As the last example, plus calculating MD5 and SHA256 hashes, putting the results inside sdb.md5 and sdb.sha256. It is very useful for forensics works because the hashes will be processed in real time, avoiding a waste of time to make something as 'dd + md5 + sha256'. Considering that I/O disk is very slow and RAM is very fast, the hashes will be calculated, bit per bit in memory, when the next portion of the disk is read. When all disk was read, all hashes are now ready.

    $ dcfldd if=/dev/sdb bs=4096 hash=md5,sha256 md5log=sdb.md5 sha256log=sdb.sha256 of=sdb.img

To validate the image file against the original source:

    $ dcfldd if=/dev/sdb vf=sdb.img

Splitting the image in 500 MiB slices, using the default bs value (32 KiB). Note that split= must be put before of= to work:

    $ dcfldd if=/dev/sdb split=500M of=sdb.img

At the last example, using from a0000 up to z9999 as suffix for each split file:

    $ dcfldd if=/dev/sdb split=500M splitformat=annnn of=sdb.img

Now, dcfldd will work byte per byte (bs=1) and will hop 1056087439 bytes. After this, dcfldd will collect 200000 bytes and write the results to a file called airplane.jpg.

    $ dcfldd if=/dev/sda3 bs=1 skip=1056087439 count=200000 of=airplane.jpg

In the last example, the same result could be obtained using "limit" instead of "count". The main difference is that count uses 200000*bs and limit uses 200000 bytes (regardless of the value declared in bs option):

    $ dcfldd if=/dev/sda3 bs=1 skip=1056087439 limit=200000 of=airplane.jpg

To write something inside a file, you can use seek. Suppose you want to write a message from a file called message.txt inside a file called target.iso, hopping 200000 bytes from start of file:

    $ dcfldd if=message.txt bs=1 seek=200000 of=target.iso

dcfldd also can send a result to be processed by an external command:

    $ dcfldd if=text.txt  of:="cat | sort -u"

To convert a file from ASCII to EBCDIC:

    $ dcfldd if=text.asc conv=ebcdic of=text.ebcdic

To convert a file from EBCDIC to ASCII:

    $ dcfldd if=text.ebcdic conv=ascii of=text.asc

Report bugs at https://github.com/resurrecting-open-source-projects/dcfldd/issues

dcfldd was originally written by Nicholas Harbour. Currently is maintained by some volunteers.

GNU dd was written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie and Stuart Kemp.

This manpage was written by dd authors, Nicholas Harbour, Joao Eriberto Mota Filho and others.

dd(1)